It had a significant influence on the effort that led to the development of Common Lisp. [citation needed], Franklin noted a principle of refrigeration by observing that on a very hot day, he stayed cooler in a wet shirt in a breeze than he did in a dry one. "He waged a public relations campaign, secured secret aid, played a role in privateering expeditions, and churned out effective and inflammatory propaganda. Franklin also co-authored the first treaty of friendship between Prussia and America in 1785. [1], Scheme was created during the 1970s at the MIT AI Lab and released by its developers, Guy L. Steele and Gerald Jay Sussman, via a series of memos now known as the Lambda Papers. Frasca argues he saw this as a service to God, because he understood moral virtue in terms of actions, thus, doing good provides a service to God. Editor Peter Timothy avoided blandness and crude bias, and after 1765 increasingly took a patriotic stand in the growing crisis with Great Britain. [24], This did not suffice, however. Early Saturday morning, firefighters were called to a home on Place Henri-Dunant in Joliette. [74], Franklin had a major influence on the emerging science of demography, or population studies. In the same year, he printed a new currency for New Jersey based on innovative anti-counterfeiting techniques he had devised. Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions. [citation needed], Whilst in London, Franklin became involved in radical politics. Scheme is/was also used for the following: Shared namespace for procedures and variables, Order of evaluation of procedure arguments, Treatment of non-boolean values in boolean expressions, ;; Any reference to var here will be bound to "goose". [162], In December 1776, Franklin was dispatched to France as commissioner for the United States. "[155], By the time Franklin arrived in Philadelphia on May 5, 1775, after his second mission to Great Britain, the American Revolution had begun—with skirmishes breaking out between colonials and British at Lexington and Concord. [246], A signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, Franklin is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. [citation needed] In 1784, when Franz Mesmer began to publicize his theory of "animal magnetism" which was considered offensive by many, Louis XVI appointed a commission to investigate it. This reformed alphabet discarded six letters Franklin regarded as redundant (c, j, q, w, x, and y), and substituted six new letters for sounds he felt lacked letters of their own. This section concentrates mainly on innovative features of the language, including those features that distinguish Scheme from other Lisps. From the first, he had a way of adapting his models to his own uses. Reading was a great pastime of the Junto, but books were rare and expensive. [116]:30 He was appointed president of the Academy on November 13, 1749; the Academy and the charity school opened on August 13, 1751. [96] However, as reported in 1836 by Prof. A. D. Bache of the University of Pennsylvania, the law of the effect of heat on the conduction of bodies otherwise non-conductors, for example, glass, could be attributed to Franklin. [76] Emphasizing that population growth depended on food supplies, Franklin emphasized the abundance of food and available farmland in America. "[142] In Dublin, Franklin was invited to sit with the members of the Irish Parliament rather than in the gallery. [citation needed] In June 1776, Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. He was promoted to deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies on August 10, 1753,[10] having been Philadelphia postmaster for many years, and this enabled him to set up the first national communications network. Franklin sent a sample of soybeans to prominent American botanist John Bartram, and had previously written to British diplomat and Chinese trade expert James Flint inquiring as to how tofu was made,[235] with their correspondence believed to be the first documented use of the word "tofu" in the English language. Scheme consists of a small standard core with several tools for language extension. "[citation needed] From 1948 to 1963, Franklin's portrait was on the half-dollar. He organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. [172] Le Globe, created by professor Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert, was watched by a vast crowd as it rose from the Champ de Mars (now the site of the Eiffel Tower). [citation needed] Franklin appears on the $1,000 Series EE Savings bond. The merchantmen had a longer and more complex voyage because they left from London, while the packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall. [141], He had never been to Ireland before, and met and stayed with Lord Hillsborough, who he believed was especially attentive. How 3D Secure works eq?, eqv?, equal?, string=?, string-ci=?, char=?, char-ci=? The standard treats these as abstractions, and does not commit the implementor to any particular internal representations. He was undoubtedly thinking of William Franklin. "[136], While living in London in 1768, he developed a phonetic alphabet in A Scheme for a new Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling. Both implementations conform to the R5RS standard but the second does not conform to R6RS because it does not implement the full numerical tower. The body may be repeated as desired by calling the procedure. For instance, the following construct creates a block in which a symbol called var is bound to the number 10: Blocks can be nested to create arbitrarily complex block structures according to the need of the programmer. A new module system has been introduced, and systems for exception handling are now standardized. Whatever else Franklin was, concludes Morgan, "he was a true champion of generic religion." If it is evaluated in the outer environment, where name is defined, the result is the sum of the operands. [8], A formal lambda system has axioms and a complete calculation rule. Their son, Francis Folger Franklin, was born in October 1732 and died of smallpox in 1736. Franklin donated £200 towards the development of Franklin College (now called Franklin & Marshall College). [citation needed]. He eventually became president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. and output-port?. He used Tun Tavern as a gathering place to recruit a regiment of soldiers to go into battle against the Native American uprisings that beset the American colonies. Franklin did not subscribe to Whitefield's theology, but he admired Whitefield for exhorting people to worship God through good works. He suggested that ALGOL-like lexical scoping mechanisms would help to realize their initial goal of implementing Hewitt's Actor model in Lisp. Scheme is a minimalist dialect of the Lisp family of programming languages.Scheme consists of a small standard core with several tools for language extension. Order of evaluationâincluding the order in which the expression in the operator position is evaluatedâmay be chosen by an implementation on a call-by-call basis, and the only constraint is that "the effect of any concurrent evaluation of the operator and operand expressions is constrained to be consistent with some sequential order of evaluation." He began the electrical research that, along with other scientific inquiries, would occupy him for the rest of his life, in between bouts of politics and moneymaking. And a number of the fictitious characters, Ridentius, Eugenius, Cato, and Cretico, represent traditional 18th-century classicism. He said local governments had raised, outfitted and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France—as many as Britain itself sent—and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone. Their argument against slavery was backed by the Pennsylvania Abolitionist Society and its president, Benjamin Franklin.[230]. [4] Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment. Franklin proposed a broad Plan of Union for the colonies. According to the repo, CSS modules are:. January 6, 1705][Note 1] – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. "[19] Franklin left his apprenticeship without his brother's permission, and in so doing became a fugitive. Any reference to var here will be bound to 10. ;; But the definition of var1 could not refer to var2, ;; Calculation of Hofstadter's male and female sequences as a list of pairs. [citation needed] During his stays there, he developed a close friendship with his landlady, Margaret Stevenson, and her circle of friends and relations, in particular, her daughter Mary, who was more often known as Polly. It was the first dialect of Lisp to choose lexical scope and the first to require implementations to perform tail-call optimization, giving stronger support for functional programming and associated techniques such as recursive algorithms. After William passed the bar, his father helped him gain an appointment one year later in 1763 as the last royal governor of New Jersey. Following her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9, 1689, in the Old South Meeting House by Reverend Samuel Willard, and would eventually have ten children with her. [164] In July 1784, Franklin met with Mirabeau and contributed anonymous materials that the Frenchman used in his first signed work: Considerations sur l'ordre de Cincinnatus. [212][213], According to David Morgan,[214] Franklin was a proponent of religion in general. [199] Franklin, steeped in Puritanism and an enthusiastic supporter of the evangelical movement, rejected the salvation dogma, but embraced the radical notion of egalitarian democracy. The company is especially known for its ERP software. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco–American relations. [70] Others, such as Prof. Georg Wilhelm Richmann in Russia, were indeed electrocuted in performing lightning experiments during the months immediately following Franklin's experiment. ;; Building a list of squares from 0 to 9: ;; Note: loop is simply an arbitrary symbol used as a label. Work is ongoing at ICAO to develop the necessary implementation rules and tools to make the scheme operational. [72] On October 19 in a letter to England with directions for repeating the experiment, Franklin wrote: When rain has wet the kite twine so that it can conduct the electric fire freely, you will find it streams out plentifully from the key at the approach of your knuckle, and with this key a phial, or Leyden jar, may be charged: and from electric fire thus obtained spirits may be kindled, and all other electric experiments [may be] performed which are usually done by the help of a rubber glass globe or tube; and therefore the sameness of the electrical matter with that of lightening [sic?] "[158], Well known as a printer and publisher, Franklin was appointed postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737, holding the office until 1753, when he and publisher William Hunter were named deputy postmasters–general of British North America, the first to hold the office. [150], Franklin is known to have occasionally attended the Hellfire Club's meetings during 1758 as a non-member during his time in England. Franklin feared that the American colonies could eventually come to the same level of poverty if the regulations and laws continued to apply to them. A variant of let, the "named let" form, has an identifier after the let keyword. When his brother was jailed for three weeks in 1722 for publishing material unflattering to the governor, young Franklin took over the newspaper and had Mrs. Dogood (quoting Cato's Letters) proclaim: "Without freedom of thought there can be no such thing as wisdom and no such thing as public liberty without freedom of speech. Meantime, Hunter became postal administrator in Williamsburg, Virginia and oversaw areas south of Annapolis, Maryland. Pennsylvanians were outraged, believing that he had supported the measure all along, and threatened to destroy his home in Philadelphia. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. "[12] As clerk of the court, he was jailed for disobeying the local magistrate in defense of middle-class shopkeepers and artisans in conflict with wealthy landowners. make-vector, vector, vector?, vector-length, vector-ref, vector-set!, vector->list, list->vector, vector-fill! open-input-file, open-output-file, close-input-port, close-output-port, input-port?, output-port?, current-input-port, current-output-port, call-with-input-file, call-with-output-file, with-input-from-file(optional), with-output-to-file(optional), load (optional), transcript-on (optional), transcript-off (optional), +, -, *, /, abs, quotient, remainder, modulo, gcd, lcm, expt, sqrt, numerator, denominator, rational?, rationalize. They lived in a home in the Parisian suburb of Passy, donated by Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont, who supported the United States. [100], Franklin is known to have played the violin, the harp, and the guitar. [citation needed], In 1736, Franklin created the Union Fire Company, one of the first volunteer firefighting companies in America. He was the 106th member of the Lodge. This contrasts with dynamic scoping which was characteristic of early Lisp dialects, because of the processing costs associated with the primitive textual substitution methods used to implement lexical scoping algorithms in compilers and interpreters of the day. Where the constant representing the boolean value of true is T in most Lisps, in Scheme it is #t. In Scheme the primitive datatypes are disjoint. Alternative models for expansion such as scope sets provide a potential solution.[27]. This has resulted in scores of implementations,[35] most of which differ from each other so much that porting programs from one implementation to another is quite difficult, and the small size of the standard language means that writing a useful program of any great complexity in standard, portable Scheme is almost impossible. "[168] In 1781, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. rational complex numbers. [citation needed], In 1758, the year he ceased writing for the Almanack, he printed Father Abraham's Sermon, also known as The Way to Wealth. [7] He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richard's Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym "Richard Saunders". [120][121], Between 1750 and 1753, the "educational triumvirate"[122] of Benjamin Franklin, the American Samuel Johnson of Stratford, Connecticut, and the immigrant Scottish schoolteacher William Smith built on Franklin's initial scheme and created what Bishop James Madison, president of the College of William & Mary, called a "new-model"[123] plan or style of American college. But early Lisps were not suitable expressions of the lambda calculus because of their treatment of free variables. [231] In addition, Franklin would have also been familiar with the moral arguments espoused by prominent vegetarian Quakers in colonial Pennsylvania, such as Benjamin Lay and John Woolman. 1178-1990 (Reaff 2008) IEEE Standard for the Scheme Programming Language. It was widely believed that English liberties relied on their balance of power, but also hierarchal deference to the privileged class. Standard-conforming Scheme implementations are required to optimize tail calls so as to support an unbounded number of active tail calls (R5RS sec. Franklin helped to organize a local militia to defend the capital against the mob. Implementations of - and / that take more than two arguments are defined but left optional at R5RS. The Gazette gave Franklin a forum for agitation about a variety of local reforms and initiatives through printed essays and observations. [citation needed], In 1759, the University of St Andrews awarded Franklin an honorary doctorate in recognition of his accomplishments. Franklin reorganized the service's accounting system, then improved speed of delivery between Philadelphia, New York and Boston. Scheme is primarily a functional programming language. "Franklin and Slavery." His reputation meant that he was introduced to many influential scientists and politicians, and also to King Louis XV. These are the aspects of Scheme that most strongly influence any product of the Scheme language, and they are the aspects that all versions of the Scheme programming language, from 1973 onward, share. (See Hofstadter's male and female sequences for the definitions used in this example.). This is sometimes known as the "Lisp-1 vs. Lisp-2" distinction, referring to the unified namespace of Scheme and the separate namespaces of Common Lisp.[24]. I determined to go into it ... [By not eating meat] I presently found that I could save half what [my brother] paid me. Continuations in Scheme are first-class objects. [citation needed], On April 12, 1976, as part of a bicentennial celebration, Congress dedicated a 20-foot (6 m) marble statue in Philadelphia's Franklin Institute as the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. It was more than a business venture, for like many publishers since he believed that the press had a public-service duty. memv. His pervasive influence in the early history of the nation has led to his being jocularly called "the only president of the United States who was never president of the United States". [citation needed], Franklin became involved in Philadelphia politics and rapidly progressed. Wisdom in folk society meant the ability to provide an apt adage for any occasion, and Franklin's readers became well prepared. From opening a bank account to insuring your familyâs home and belongings, itâs important you know which options are right for you. [140] In October of the same year he was granted Freedom of the Borough of St Andrews. Franklin frequently wrote under pseudonyms. He also corresponded with leading figures in the Scottish Enlightenment, including David Hume. During this trip, events drastically changed the nature of his mission. [44] The introductory computer science courses at Yale and Grinnell College are also taught in Scheme. integer?, rational?, real?, complex?, number? [citation needed] Franklin, however, later became an outspoken critic of slavery as practiced by the American upper class. He calculated that America's population was doubling every twenty years and would surpass that of England in a century. [101] Joseph Haydn, a fan of Franklin's enlightened ideas, had a glass harmonica in his instrument collection. Franklin was, for example, a corresponding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, which included such other scientific and industrial luminaries as Matthew Boulton, James Watt, Josiah Wedgwood and Erasmus Darwin; on occasion he visited them. [117][118], In 1747, Franklin (already a very wealthy man) retired from printing and went into other businesses. and char-ci=? As in other Lisps, the term "thunk" is used in Scheme to refer to a procedure with no arguments. "[citation needed], According to Michael Faraday, Franklin's experiments on the non-conduction of ice are worth mentioning, although the law of the general effect of liquefaction on electrolytes is not attributed to Franklin. R6RS specifies a more sophisticated transformation system, syntax-case, which has been available as a language extension to R5RS Scheme for some time. Franklin held that office for slightly over three years, longer than any other, and served the constitutional limit of three full terms. [144], One line of argument in Parliament was that Americans should pay a share of the costs of the French and Indian War, and that therefore taxes should be levied on them. [citation needed] In 1758, Franklin advocated the opening of a school for the education of black slaves in Philadelphia. [citation needed], Josiah Franklin had a total of seventeen children with his two wives. Deposed in 1776 by the revolutionary government of New Jersey, William, who was Royal Governor, was placed under house arrest at his home in Perth Amboy for six months. Rodgers's fate was unknown, and because of bigamy laws, Deborah was not free to remarry. compare characters; = compares numbers.[4]. [236], Franklin's "Second Reply to Vindex Patriae", a 1766 letter advocating self-sufficiency and less dependence on England, lists various examples of the bounty of American agricultural products, and does not mention meat. On a read operation, the result returned is the end-of-file object if the input port has reached the end of the file, and this can be tested using the predicate eof-object?. [25], Upon Denham's death, Franklin returned to his former trade. John N. Wilford, "Prints of Franklin's chart of Gulf Stream found", 1785: Benjamin Franklin's "Sundry Maritime Observations," The RSA instituted a Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1956 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of his birth and the 200th anniversary of his membership of the RSA. The anti-proprietary party dispatched Franklin to England again to continue the struggle against the Penn family proprietorship. Franklin soon learned of the extent of colonial resistance to the Stamp Act, and he testified during the House of Commons proceedings that led to its repeal. Franklin was careful to stand on an insulator, keeping dry under a roof to avoid the danger of electric shock. [107] Richard Strauss calls for the glass harmonica in his 1917 Die Frau ohne Schatten,[103] and numerous other composers used Franklin's instrument as well. Newman, Simon P. "Benjamin Franklin and the Leather-Apron Men: The Politics of Class in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia", Rosenthall, Karen M. "A Generative Populace: Benjamin Franklin’s Economic Agendas". [11], A feature of R6RS is the record-type descriptor (RTD). (R5RS sec. (Joint appointments were standard at the time, for political reasons.) These primitives, which produce or handle values known as promises, can be used to implement advanced lazy evaluation constructs such as streams.[25]. RTD allows users to expand the basic RTD to create a new record system.[12]. [14][15] In August 2009, the Scheme Steering Committee, which oversees the standardization process, announced its intention to recommend splitting Scheme into two languages: a large modern programming language for programmers; and a small version, a subset of the large version retaining the minimalism praised by educators and casual implementors. In Standard Scheme, procedures that convert from one datatype to another contain the character string "->" in their name, predicates end with a "? The main character leaves a smallish amount of money in his will, five lots of 100 livres, to collect interest over one, two, three, four or five full centuries, with the resulting astronomical sums to be spent on impossibly elaborate utopian projects. The R5RS standard specifies procedures exact->inexact and inexact->exact which can be used to change the exactness of a number. Chess Hall of Fame in 1999. (R5RS "Language changes")[4] For example, one may extend + to accept strings as well as numbers by redefining it: In R6RS every binding, including the standard ones, belongs to some library, and all exported bindings are immutable. He and Benjamin Rush founded the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery in 1774.[228]. string-ci>=?, substring, string-append, string->list, list->string, string-copy, string-fill! He was influential in the more restrained and thus successful monetary experiments in the Middle Colonies, which stopped deflation without causing excessive inflation. Referring to his experience in Philadelphia, he wrote in his autobiography, "new Places of worship were continually wanted, and generally erected by voluntary Contribution, my Mite for such purpose, whatever might be the Sect, was never refused. 1907–21", "Freemasonry Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon website", "What Led Benjamin Franklin to Live Estranged From His Wife for Nearly Two Decades? He tried to influence American moral life through the construction of a printing network based on a chain of partnerships from the Carolinas to New England. "Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network and the Stamp Act. He received honorary degrees from Harvard and Yale universities (his first). Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. [citation needed], In 1756, Franklin received an honorary Master of Arts degree from the College of William & Mary. Thus using let as defined above a Scheme implementation would rewrite "(let ((a 1)(b 2)) (+ b a))" as "((lambda (a b) (+ b a)) 1 2)", which reduces implementation's task to that of coding procedure instantiations. The use of block structuring to create local bindings alleviates the risk of namespace collision that can otherwise occur. Special Report: Citizen Ben's Greatest Virtues, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Benjamin Franklin: First American Diplomat, 1776–1785, Online edition of Franklin's personal library, American Writers: A Journey Through History, "A Silence Dogood Sampler" – Selections from Franklin's Silence Dogood writings, Abridgement of the Book of Common Prayer (1773), by Benjamin Franklin and Francis Dashwood, Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection of Benjamin Franklin Papers, Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart, President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society, "Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745), Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775), Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology, Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin, United States Declaration of Independence, Physical history of the Declaration of Independence, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin&oldid=1007179122, 18th-century American newspaper publishers (people), 18th-century American non-fiction writers, 18th-century United States government officials, Ambassadors of the United States to France, Ambassadors of the United States to Sweden, Chief Administrators of the University of Pennsylvania, Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania, English-language spelling reform advocates, Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees, Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Members of the American Philosophical Society, Members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, Members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, Signers of the United States Constitution, Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, Speakers of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with USCongress identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Government & Politics, Government & Politics 18th Century, Invention, Science & Medicine, Professions & Vocations, Publishing & Journalism, Writers, "Industry. The former introductory Computer Science course at the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, CSCI 1901, also used Scheme as its primary language, followed by a course that introduced students to the Java programming language;[47] however, following the example of MIT, the department replaced 1901 with the Python-based CSCI 1133,[48] while functional programming is covered in detail in the third-semester course CSCI 2041. Ferroelectric memory has been substantially researched for several decades as its potential to obtain higher speed, lower power consumption, and longer endurance compared to conventional flash memory.
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